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          新手的第一堂函数课：定义与参数
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        <p>JavaScript 中最重要的基础概念：不是对象，而是函数！JavaScript 是一门函数式语言！<br>click look more</p>
<a id="more"></a>

<h2 id="带着重点学习"><a href="#带着重点学习" class="headerlink" title="带着重点学习"></a>带着重点学习</h2><ol>
<li>理解函数为什么如此重要</li>
<li>函数为什么是第一对象</li>
<li>定义函数的方式</li>
<li>参数赋值之谜</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="带着疑问学习"><a href="#带着疑问学习" class="headerlink" title="带着疑问学习"></a>带着疑问学习</h2><ol>
<li>回调函数在哪种情况下会同步调用或者异步调用呢？</li>
<li>箭头函数和函数表达式的区别是什么？</li>
<li>为什么要在函数中使用默认参数？</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="对象能做的函数也能做"><a href="#对象能做的函数也能做" class="headerlink" title="对象能做的函数也能做"></a>对象能做的函数也能做</h2><pre><code>因为函数就是对象，函数与对象的唯一区别就是函数是可以被调用的。并且将函数作为第一类对象是函数式编程的第一步。实际上函数式编程只是写代码的一种风格，让每一种功能都被封装在一个函数中，从而实现模块化和便于调试化。</code></pre><h3 id="回调函数"><a href="#回调函数" class="headerlink" title="回调函数"></a>回调函数</h3><pre><code>将函数作为第一类对象的特点之一就是，它能够作为参数传入函数中。也就是常说的回调函数！</code></pre><p>典型的回调函数</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> values = [<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">7</span>, <span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">8</span>, <span class="number">1</span>]</span><br><span class="line">values.sort(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">val1, val2</span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> val2 - val1</span><br><span class="line">&#125;)</span><br><span class="line">log(values)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="存储函数"><a href="#存储函数" class="headerlink" title="存储函数"></a>存储函数</h3><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> store = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">	nextId: <span class="number">1</span>,</span><br><span class="line">	cache: &#123;&#125;,</span><br><span class="line">	add: <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">fn</span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="keyword">if</span> (!fn.id) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">			fn.id = <span class="keyword">this</span>.nextId++</span><br><span class="line">			<span class="keyword">this</span>.cache[fn.id] = fn</span><br><span class="line">			log(<span class="string">"添加成功"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">		&#125; <span class="keyword">else</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">			log(<span class="string">"添加失败"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">		&#125;</span><br><span class="line">	&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">a</span>(<span class="params"></span>) </span>&#123; &#125;</span><br><span class="line">store.add(a)</span><br><span class="line">store.add(a)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> ff = &#123;&#125;</span><br><span class="line">ff[<span class="string">"aa"</span>] = <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">log(ff)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="函数定义"><a href="#函数定义" class="headerlink" title="函数定义"></a>函数定义</h2><pre><code>函数的声明方式有多种，理解他们的不同是非常重要的。</code></pre><h3 id="函数声明和函数表达式"><a href="#函数声明和函数表达式" class="headerlink" title="函数声明和函数表达式"></a>函数声明和函数表达式</h3><pre><code>这两种方式实际上非常相似，但是又有微妙的不同</code></pre><h4 id="函数声明"><a href="#函数声明" class="headerlink" title="函数声明"></a>函数声明</h4><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">samurai</span>(<span class="params"></span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	log(<span class="string">"samurai here"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//让一个函数包含在另一个函数中，在后面会详细讲到</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">ninja</span>(<span class="params"></span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">hiddenNinja</span>(<span class="params"></span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">		log(<span class="string">"ninja here"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">	&#125;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> hiddenNinja()</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h4 id="函数表达式"><a href="#函数表达式" class="headerlink" title="函数表达式"></a>函数表达式</h4><p>函数既然是第一类对象，那么一定也可以形如 <code>let a = {}</code> 一样创建一个函数。那么函数表达式和函数声明的区别在哪呢？即函数声明的函数名是强制性的，而函数表达式则不需要。</p>
<p>至于为何，是因为函数的基本要求是必须要能被调用的，函数声明作为独立的语句也就必须要有名字了。</p>
<h4 id="立即函数"><a href="#立即函数" class="headerlink" title="立即函数"></a>立即函数</h4><p>立即函数不止有 <code>(function a(){})()</code> 一种方式，还可以写成这样 <code>+function a(){}()</code>。原因是一元操作符可以告诉 JS 引擎这是一个表达式而不是语句</p>
<h4 id="箭头函数"><a href="#箭头函数" class="headerlink" title="箭头函数"></a>箭头函数</h4><p>ES6 新增，意义在于 JS 代码中有大量的函数，而每一个函数的书写都过于麻烦，所以诞生了一种简单的函数定义方式。</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 常规版</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> values=[<span class="number">0</span>,<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">6</span>,<span class="number">5</span>,<span class="number">4</span>]</span><br><span class="line">values.sort(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">val1,val2</span>)</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> val1-val2</span><br><span class="line">&#125;)</span><br><span class="line">log(values) <span class="comment">// 0,1,2,4,5,6</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 箭头函数版</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> values = [<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">6</span>, <span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">4</span>]</span><br><span class="line">values.sort(<span class="function">(<span class="params">val1, val2</span>) =&gt;</span> val1-val2)</span><br><span class="line">log(values)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>当然，箭头函数也有几个规矩：</p>
<ol>
<li>当函数只有一个参数时，不用给参数加括号；两个及以上必须有括号，没有参数也必须右括号</li>
<li>如果函数体只有一个表达式，那么不用加大括号，也不用 return </li>
</ol>
<h2 id="函数的实参和形参"><a href="#函数的实参和形参" class="headerlink" title="函数的实参和形参"></a>函数的实参和形参</h2><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// param1,param2为形参，a(1,2)中的1，2为实参</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">a</span>(<span class="params">param1,param2</span>)</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	log(<span class="number">123</span>)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">a(<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 如果实参给多了呢？不用但是，JS 会直接忽略多出来的实参，不会赋值给任何形参</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="剩余参数"><a href="#剩余参数" class="headerlink" title="剩余参数"></a>剩余参数</h3><p>ES6 新增</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * <span class="doctag">@param <span class="type">&#123;Number&#125;</span> </span>first </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * <span class="doctag">@param  <span class="type">&#123;...Array&#125;</span> </span>remainingNumbers </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * <span class="doctag">@description </span>将第一个参数与余下参数最大的数相乘</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">multiMax</span>(<span class="params">first, ...remainingNumbers</span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">let</span> sorted = remainingNumbers.sort(<span class="function">(<span class="params">val1, val2</span>) =&gt;</span> val2 - val1)</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> first * sorted[<span class="number">0</span>]</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">log(multiMax(<span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">7</span>)) <span class="comment">//28</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>可以发现剩余参数的表达形式是     <code>...remainingNumbers</code>，它代表了实参 1，2，3，7，其实际上是一个数组。要注意，剩余参数只能放在形参的最后面。</p>
<h3 id="默认参数"><a href="#默认参数" class="headerlink" title="默认参数"></a>默认参数</h3><p>ES6 新增</p>
<p>函数默认参数允许在没有值或undefined被传入时使用默认形参。但是最好避免这种写法，因为不能提高代码的可阅读性。</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">multiply</span>(<span class="params">a, b = <span class="number">3</span></span>) </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	log(a * b)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">multiply(<span class="number">3</span>,<span class="number">2</span>) <span class="comment">//传入两个实参，直接覆盖默认参数 b， 3*2=6</span></span><br><span class="line">multiply(<span class="number">3</span>) <span class="comment">//只传入一个实参，故 b 赋值为默认参数 3， 3*3=9</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

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